Month: December 2022

Clinical Tests

Brudziński’s contralateral reflex sign

Purpose of Brudziński’s contralateral reflex sign: To determine if the patient has inflammation of the meninges (meningitis) (1). Patient position: Lying supine. Examiner position: Standing beside the bed, facing the patient. Procedure: While having the patient lying supine on the bed with both legs extended, flex one of the patient’s legs (hip and knee joints) and bring the knee towards the chest. Outcome: Brudziński’s sign … Continue reading Brudziński’s contralateral reflex sign

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Clinical Tests

Brudziński’s neck sign

Purpose of Brudziński’s neck sign: To determine if the patient has inflammation of the meninges (meningitis) (1). Patient position: Lying supine. Examiner position: Standing beside the bed, facing the patient. Procedure: With the patient lying supine, place your hands behind the patient’s head and flex the head towards the chest. Outcome:  This is a sign of meningeal irritation. If meningeal irritation is present, this manoeuvre … Continue reading Brudziński’s neck sign

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Back, Clinical Tests, Lower Back Pain, Lumbar, Sacral

Milgram’s Test

Purpose of Milgram’s Test: To determine if there is a pathology in the intra/extra thecal area of the spine. The intrathecal pathology may include a spinal tumour and extrathecal pathology may include a herniated disc or a space-occupying lesion. Patient position: Lying supine. Examiner position: Standing beside the bed. Procedure: Ask the patient to raise both legs up to 4 – 6 inches off the bed (20 degrees) and hold them … Continue reading Milgram’s Test

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Back, Cervical, Clinical Tests, Lower Back Pain, Lumbar, Neck Pain

Valsalva Test for cervical/lumbar Spine

Purpose of Valsalva Test for cervical/lumbar Spine: To determine if there are neurologic symptoms related to radiculopathy (pain, muscle weakness, numbness and/or tingling that spreads distally in the limbs) when the patient inhales, holds the breath and bears down (strains) as if trying to have a bowel movement (1). Patient position: Standing or sitting upright with back unsupported. Examiner position: Standing beside the patient. Procedure: The … Continue reading Valsalva Test for cervical/lumbar Spine

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Cervical, Clinical Tests, Neck Pain

Bikele’s Sign

Purpose of Bikele’s Sign : To determine if there are neurologic symptoms when the arm is abducted, laterally rotated and elbow is extended. Patient position: Sitting upright with back unsupported and with arms beside the trunk. Examiner position: Standing behind the patient. Procedure: This test is performed in two steps: (1) The patient raises the arm sideways up to 90 degrees with the elbow fully … Continue reading Bikele’s Sign

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